Glossary

Knowledge Base · In Progress

This glossary maps selected terms and concepts used across INGENS consulting, industrial engineering, cybersecurity, data analytics, legal risk orientation, validation and project funding.

It is designed as a practical knowledge base: simple enough to support orientation, structured enough to connect concepts with real operational, technical and organisational work.

Industrial Engineering

Systems, processes, performance, capacity, workflow, production losses and operational design.

Systems & Operational Foundations

System Process Value Waste Variation Performance Productivity Efficiency Effectiveness Customer Value Reliability Maintainability

Flow, Capacity & Constraints

Flow Capacity Constraint Bottleneck Throughput Cycle Time Takt Time Lead Time Downtime Queuing Waiting Little's Law

Performance Measurement

KPI OEE Yield Process Capability Resource Utilisation Availability Performance Measurement Quality Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Process & Work Design

Process Mapping Standard Work Workstation Line Balancing Work Measurement Time Study Work Sampling Input Output Value Stream Supplier Customer

Production Planning & Control

Production System Production Planning Scheduling Capacity Planning Inventory Visual Management

Continuous Improvement

Continuous Improvement Lean Kaizen Six Sigma PDCA SMED 5S Poka-Yoke

Problem Analysis & Learning

Root Cause Analysis Five Whys Fishbone Diagram Pareto Analysis A3 Thinking

Human Factors & Work Systems

Human Error Ergonomics Workload Situational Awareness Human-Machine Interface Safety

Modelling & Decision Support

Decision Making Simulation Optimisation Forecasting Scenario Analysis

Cybersecurity

Responsibility, risk, controls, resilience, access, policies and organisational cyber readiness.

Security Foundations

Security Information Security Cybersecurity Asset Digital Asset Threat Vulnerability Exploit Risk Attack Surface CIA Triad Trust Security Architecture Defence in Depth

Governance, Risk & Compliance (GRC)

Governance Information Security Management Risk Assessment Risk Management Risk Treatment Compliance Security Policy Security Standard Security Control Control Objective ISO 27001 ISO 27002 NIS2 GDPR Audit Internal Audit External Audit Business Continuity Disaster Recovery Business Impact Analysis

Identity & Access Management (IAM)

Identity Digital Identity Authentication Authorization Access Control Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Single Sign-On (SSO) Privileged Access Management (PAM) Least Privilege Zero Trust Password Management Credential Management Session Management

Network & Infrastructure Security

Firewall Network Segmentation VLAN DMZ VPN Secure Remote Access IDS IPS DNS Security Proxy Secure Gateway Wireless Security Network Monitoring Secure Network Architecture Network Security

Endpoint & Platform Security

Endpoint Protection Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Extended Detection and Response (XDR) Antivirus Anti-malware Operating System Security Hardening Patch Management Vulnerability Management Mobile Device Management (MDM) Device Encryption Secure Configuration

Data Protection

Data Protection Data Classification Data Lifecycle Encryption Encryption at Rest Encryption in Transit Key Management Backup Backup Strategy Data Recovery Data Loss Prevention (DLP) Secure Deletion Data Integrity

Detection, Monitoring & Incident Response

Logging Security Monitoring SIEM Security Operations Center (SOC) Incident Security Incident Incident Response Incident Handling Digital Forensics Threat Hunting Indicators of Compromise (IOC) Indicators of Attack (IOA) Recovery Lessons Learned Detection Incident Management Monitoring Threat Detection Threat Analysis Threat Intelligence

Secure Engineering

Secure Design Secure Architecture Secure Development Lifecycle (SSDLC) Threat Modelling Secure Coding Code Review Static Application Security Testing (SAST) Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) Software Composition Analysis (SCA) Penetration Testing Vulnerability Assessment Security Testing

Human Factors & Security Culture

Security Awareness Security Culture Human Error Social Engineering Phishing Spear Phishing Insider Threat Security Training Security Behaviour Reporting Culture Human-Centred Security Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)

Operational Resilience

Operational Resilience Business Continuity Planning (BCP) Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) Recovery Time Objective (RTO) Recovery Point Objective (RPO) Crisis Management Resilience Testing Service Availability High Availability Fault Tolerance

Data Analytics

Data interpretation, operational reporting, KPI logic, decision support and analytical clarity.

Data Foundations

Data Information Dataset Data Source Metadata Data Quality Data Governance Master Data Data Lifecycle

Data Collection & Engineering

Data Collection ETL ELT Data Pipeline Data Integration Data Warehouse Data Lake Data Preparation Data Cleaning

Analytics & Decision Support

Business Intelligence (BI) KPI Dashboard Reporting Descriptive Analytics Diagnostic Analytics Predictive Analytics Prescriptive Analytics Decision Support Data Analysis Insight

Statistics & Analysis

Correlation Causation Distribution Regression Hypothesis Testing Statistical Significance Confidence Interval Sampling Outlier Statistics

Forecasting & Modelling

Forecasting Trend Analysis Time Series Scenario Analysis Simulation Sensitivity Analysis Optimisation Modelling

Machine Learning & AI

Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Classification Regression Models Model Validation Feature Engineering Model

Data Visualisation

Data Visualisation Chart Selection Storytelling Visual Analytics Geographic Visualisation

Data Ethics & Governance

Data Privacy Data Security Bias Explainability Data Stewardship Data Owner Data Steward

Consulting

Decision quality, independent advice, systems thinking, transformation and accountable governance.

Decision Foundations

Decision Problem Objective Constraint Assumption Business Case Decision Matrix Value Proposition Benefit Need Priority Requirement

Advisory

Advisory Independent Advice Decision Support Strategic Review Operational Review Recommendation

Systems Thinking

Systems Thinking Complexity Root Cause Dependencies Feedback Loop

Risk & Opportunity

Risk Opportunity Scenario Trade-off Decision Criteria

Business Transformation

Change Transformation Capability Maturity Roadmap Strategy

Governance

Stakeholder Responsibility Accountability Ownership Decision Process Business Objectives

Validation

Regulated operations, evidence, quality systems, controlled processes, documentation and lifecycle logic.

Validation Foundations

Validation Verification Qualification Validation Strategy Validation Lifecycle Validation Plan Validation Master Plan (VMP) Risk-Based Validation Good Documentation Practice (GDP) Revalidation Validation State Qualification Status

Regulatory Framework

GMP GxP FDA 21 CFR Part 11 EU GMP Annex 11 ISO 13485 ISO 14971 CSV Guidance Data Integrity (ALCOA+) Certification

Equipment Qualification

Design Qualification (DQ) Installation Qualification (IQ) Operational Qualification (OQ) Performance Qualification (PQ) Requalification Calibration Preventive Maintenance

Process Validation

Process Validation Continued Process Verification (CPV) Process Capability Critical Process Parameters (CPP) Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) Control Strategy Batch Consistency Validation Batches

Computer System Validation (CSV)

Computer System Validation Software Validation Infrastructure Qualification User Requirements Specification (URS) Functional Specification (FS) Design Specification (DS) Configuration Specification Traceability Matrix User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Acceptance Criteria Test Case Test Script Test Evidence Configuration Management Release Management

Cleaning & Environmental Validation

Cleaning Validation Cleaning Verification Environmental Monitoring Contamination Control Cross Contamination Sterility Assurance

Documentation & Change Control

SOP Validation Protocol Validation Report Deviation CAPA Change Control Document Control Review & Approval

Risk & Quality

Quality Risk Management FMEA HACCP Risk Assessment Root Cause Analysis Impact Assessment Quality System

Data Integrity & Compliance

ALCOA+ Audit Trail Electronic Records Electronic Signatures Data Governance Record Retention

Funding & Project Logic

Grant logic, project structure, eligibility, objectives, results, budgets and practical funding preparation.

Funding Foundations

Funding Grant Subsidy Incentive Public Funding Financial Guarantee Project State Aid

Investment

Investment ROI CAPEX OPEX Payback Period Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Net Present Value (NPV) Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Financial Planning

Budget Cash Flow Cost Structure Financial Forecast Cost-Benefit Analysis Financial Liquidity Project Budget

Grant Management

Eligibility Application Evaluation Reporting Grant Compliance Eligible Costs Ineligible Costs Own Contribution Co-financing Funding Agreement Milestone Deliverable Project Schedule Project Settlement

Innovation Funding

Innovation Funding Horizon Europe Enterprise Ireland Innovation Voucher R&D Tax Credit Innovation Knowledge Transfer Research and Development (R&D) Tax Relief